
印度疫情恶化失控,新兴市场资本外逃加剧!
数据显示,在截至4月21日的一周内,投资者从新兴市场股票基金中撤资13亿美元(约合人民币84亿),为三个多月来最大资金流出。而印度股票基金出现了一年多来最大的资金外流。
由于欧元(1.2069, -0.0015, -0.12%)区经济复苏略超预期,美元指数(90.9621, 0.1240, 0.14%)震荡下挫,由3月底高点93,迅速下跌低至90.68,年内涨幅回吐。分析师认为,尽管短期美元指数震荡下挫,但美元下探空间有限,大概率短期维持90以上,有较强支撑。
数据显示,人民币实际有效汇率指数,已经从去年6月份的低点攀升近8%,接近历史最高点。3月人民币名义有效汇率指数升0.63%至121.6,创五年新高。
印度疫情失守,加剧新兴市场资本外逃
印度疫情已经失控,新冠病例数量快速攀升。根据印度政府公布,截至4月25日8时,过去24小时确诊病例将近35万,死亡2767例,连续四日单日确诊病例超过30万,一再刷新全球各国单日病例新高,三天新增确诊病例将近100万,并连续九日单日死亡病例创新高。
受此影响,印度卫生基础设施已接近崩溃,许多城市出现医院病床和氧气的短缺;十几个城市宣布实行宵禁。印度预测,国内这一波新冠疫情可能于5月中旬达到峰值,届时日增确诊病例将高达50万例。
但是,由于印度实行地方自治,政坛高度分裂。5月恰逢主要邦(喀拉拉邦、泰米尔纳德邦、阿萨姆邦、西孟加拉邦)实施地方选举,为迎合选民,预计短期内推行封锁措施的动力不足。但为了满足国内需求,印度近期已下令禁止疫苗的出口,此举或将影响其他发展中国家的疫苗接种进度。
印度疫情恶化失控,新兴市场国家整体防疫压力较大,加剧了新兴市场资本外逃,上周流出创三个月新高。数据显示,在截至4月21日的一周内,投资者从新兴市场股票基金中撤资13亿美元,为三个多月来最大资金流出。而印度股票基金出现了一年多来最大的资金外流。EPFR Global的数据显示,截至4月21日的一周,印度股票基金出现了一年多来最大的资金外流,而卢比在过去一个月下跌了3.5%。
同样在巴西上演,4月以来,巴西新冠肺炎日均新增死亡人数在3000人左右,几乎占了全球日均的三分之一,4月也成为巴西新冠疫情流行以来,死亡人数最多的一个月。
疫情蔓延、债台高筑,为了偿还内外债,巴西联邦政府从4月7日起连续三天举行拍卖会,拍卖全国22个机场、一条铁路和五个港口的30年特许经营权,计划融资1000亿雷亚尔(约合1200亿人民币)。目前,巴西政府已经拍卖了22个机场筹集到33亿雷亚尔(约合38.5亿人民币),远超期望的最低拍卖值。
发达国家疫情整体边际改善,美元年内涨幅全部回吐
相对于新兴市场的失控,发达国家出现疫情整体边际改善。有外界疫苗追踪显示,全球27个最富裕国家中,超过三分之一的人接种了新冠疫苗,而这些国家的人口仅占全球人口的11%。
随着疫苗注射加速开展,发达国家经济稳步复苏,4月Markit PMI显示美欧主要国家制造业景气度维持高位,美国和英国服务业PMI大幅改善,也带动发达国家股市涨幅明显超过发展中国家。在欧洲主要国家之中,英国疫苗普及率最高,经济势头也最强劲,而德国政府已将今年的GDP增幅预期从1月份所料的3%上调到了3.5%,可以看出疫苗普及对于经济复苏的作用较大。
摩根士丹利资本国际公司(MSCI Inc)衡量发展中国家股市的指数今年迄今的涨幅略低于5%,约为类似发达国家股市指数涨幅的一半。“经济发展的天平在今年和明年将更加向发达国家倾斜。”东北证券分析师凤来仪认为,今年随着大宗商品价格的迅猛上涨,全球大多数国家都遭遇了通胀压力。高通胀带来的负面结果很多,其中之一就是汇率贬值的压力。我们对比了发达国家和发展中国家的资源型国家及非资源型国家,发现各国通胀与汇率都有明显的反向关系。而通常发展中国家的通胀水平都较发达国家更高,也更容易受到通胀的冲击。
以本轮全球性通胀中新兴市场也同时遭受了一定的汇率贬值压力。在当前疫情反弹、发展中国家普遍疫苗接种率较低的情况下,新兴市场未来将承受经济复苏相对较慢同时通胀上行、汇率贬值的压力。
由于欧元区经济复苏略超预期,美元指数震荡下挫,由3月底高点93,迅速下跌低至90.68,年内涨幅回吐。东吴证券分析师李勇认为,尽管短期美元指数震荡下挫,但中长期看,随着欧元区经济复苏的持续放缓和美国经济的强劲复苏,美元下探空间有限,大概率短期维持90以上,有较强支撑;但同时受美联储低利率政策和美元流通泛滥影响,美元指数在2023年之前上行压力较大,恐难以突破95点水平。
国泰君安分析师覃汉团队认为,从美国经济基本面出发,3月零售销售环比增长9.8%(前值-2.7%)并创10个月记录,工业产出环比增长1.4%(前值-2.6%),制造业生产环比增长2.8%(前值-3.7%),初请失业金人数降至疫情以来最低水平。因此,当美债暴跌的情绪平复导致的反向修正差不多结束,之后美债利率还会有第二波上行。至于上行空间,10年美债利率未来几个月仍有可能触及2%。
3月人民币名义有效汇率创5年新高
随着美国的财政和货币刺激政策对需求的支撑开始逐步显现,中国作为全球贸易中的最大生产国,主要大宗商品的进口国。美国通胀会通过诸多渠道影响中国,也带动了人民币汇率的上升。
基于摩根大通指数的分析显示,人民币实际有效汇率比5年平均值高出2.8个标准差。这一差异在分析所涉及的32种主要货币中是最大的。而人民币实际有效汇率指数,已经从去年6月份的低点攀升近8%,接近历史最高点。
显然,尽管人民币也受到了美元最近走强的影响,但它强于几乎所有其他亚洲国家货币——这表明投资者将中美两国经济视为全球增长的双引擎。对美国经济复苏速度的担忧通过美国国债收益率传导至全球;中国的影响则将来自它从电子产品、家用电器、服装服饰到医疗和化工产品各类商品的出口。
另外,国际清算银行(BIS)最新公布的数据显示,3月人民币实际有效汇率指数降0.46%至129,结束此前连续八个月升势,上月修正后为升1.53%。3月人民币名义有效汇率指数升0.63%至121.6,创五年新高,上月修正后为升0.54%。
根据BIS公布的数据统计,今年人民币实际有效汇率累计涨2.10%,名义有效汇率则累计涨2.15%;2020年人民币实际有效汇率累计升3.36%,而名义有效汇率累计跌4.05%。2019年实际和名义有效汇率分别上升0.95%和下跌1.50%。
实际有效汇率上升代表本国货币相对价值上升,下降表示本币贬值。名义有效汇率剔除通胀之后即为实际有效汇率,实际有效汇率更能反映一国货币的对外价值;名义汇率降幅小于实际汇率,表明当前中国的整体通胀水平要低于可比较的国家的通胀水平。BIS的有效汇率指数是基于2014-2016年贸易数据权重,并以2010年为基期。在人民币指数的权重中,欧元、美元和日圆分列前三位。

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